Since the HAMAS attack on Israel on 7 October, 20231 and the ensuing war in Gaza, many countries have seen an unprecedented rise in reported antisemitic incidents.1 Dozens of research and policy reports have since been published, many of them aiming to count and map the extent of these antisemitic incidents.2 Other reports have focused particularly on the online dimension of antisemitism since 7 October.3 Few reports, if any, have aimed at identifying and understanding the key antisemitic actors behind many of
these incidents.
