Overview of 21 Years of Security Crackdown on Dual and Foreign Nationals

Human Rights Activists in Iran have documented the arrest of 101 individuals with foreign or dual citizenship by Iranian security agencies since 2003. This analysis reveals significant flaws in the judicial system, highlighted by routine arbitrary detentions and the absence of fair legal processes.

Iran’s regime has consistently targeted dual and foreign nationals for political leverage, often accusing them of espionage or threatening national security, typically without credible evidence. HRANA has noted numerous instances of unfair trials, where proceedings occur in languages the accused do not understand, the denial of private legal representation, disproportionate sentencing, prolonged solitary confinement, and coercive interrogations leading to forced and sometimes televised confessions.

The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention has recognized that some detainees are specifically targeted due to their nationality or social status. Despite statements from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in November 2021 promising safety for dual nationals visiting Iran, the continued detentions and the regime’s refusal to release current detainees convey a starkly opposite and discouraging reality. This inconsistency perpetuates fear and insecurity among Iranians holding dual citizenship.

There is a pressing need for sustained international pressure to secure the release of all detained dual and foreign nationals. The listed individuals, predominantly detained by the IRGC intelligence since 2003, include Americans, British, and Canadians, with some unfortunately never returning home, facing execution or death in custody. Meanwhile, others still await critical interventions.

Noteworthy Points:

The actual number of detentions may exceed what has been reported.
The number of detained dual citizens significantly surpasses that of foreign nationals, indicating a profound mistrust in Iran’s assurances to dual citizens contemplating a return to their homeland.
  1. Saeed Abedini
    Saeed Abedini Date of Arrest: October 2012 (Mehr 1391) Date of Release: Late January 2016 (Dey 1394) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Forming house churches to disrupt national security and colluding to commit a crime Sentence: 8 years in prison
  2. Vahik Abrahamian
    Vahik Abrahamian Date of Arrest: February 20, 2010 (Esfand 1388) Date of Release: February 2011 (Esfand 1389) Citizenship: Iranian – Dutch Charges: Promoting Christianity Sentence: Imprisoned for one year in Evin Prison and eventually released and returned to the Netherlands.
  3. Afarin Neysari
    Afarin Neysari Date of Arrest: July 20, 2016 (Tir 1395) Date of Release: Late July 2018 (Tir 1397) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Espionage Sentence: 16 years in prison / Released on bail of 40 billion tomans
  4. Karan Vafadari
    Karan Vafadari Date of Arrest: July 20, 2016 (Tir 1395) Date of Release: Late July 2018 (Tir 1397) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Espionage Sentence: 27 years in prison / Released on bail of 40 billion tomans
  5. Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
    Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe Date of Arrest: March 2016 (Farvardin 1395) Date of Release: Mid-March 2021 (Esfand 1399) for the first case, March 25, 2022 (Esfand 25, 1400) for the second case Citizenship: Iranian – British Charges: First case: Assembly and collusion against national security / Second case: Propaganda activities against the regime Sentence: First case: 5 years in prison, Second case: 1 year in prison and 1-year travel ban
  6. Afshin Shafiee
    Afshin Shafiee Date of Arrest: December 17, 2012 (Azar 26, 1391) Date of Release: January 2013 (Dey 1391) Citizenship: Iranian – Norwegian Charges: – Sentence: Released on bail and left Iran.
  7. Jason Rezaian
    Jason Rezaian Date of Arrest: July 22, 2014 (Tir 31, 1393) Date of Release: January 2016 (Dey 1394) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Espionage and actions against national security Sentence: Exchanged with several Iranian-American prisoners in the US.
  8. Amir Mirza Hekmati
    Amir Mirza Hekmati Date of Arrest: December 7, 2011 (Azar 16, 1390) Date of Release: January 2016 (Dey 1394) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Espionage Sentence: Initially sentenced to death, later commuted to ten years in prison / Exchanged with several Iranian-American prisoners in the US.
  9. Nossratollah (Farzad) Khosravi-Roodsari Date of Arrest: 2014 (1393) Date of Release: January 2016 (Dey 1394) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: – Sentence: Exchanged with several Iranian-American prisoners in the US.
  10. Sonia Boubnovaich
    Sonia Boubnovaich Date of Arrest: December 13, 2015 (Azar 22, 1394) Date of Release: January 2016 (Dey 1394) Citizenship: Croatian – Swedish resident of Iran Charges: – Sentence: Released on bail.
  11. Reza Islami
    Reza Islami Date of Arrest: May 10, 2020 (Ordibehesht 21, 1399) Date of Release: Temporarily released on March 20, 2022 (Esfand 29, 1400) and later conditionally freed after serving one-third of his sentence, confirmed by the Tehran Appeals Court. Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: Collaboration with hostile foreign governments (USA) against the Islamic Republic through participation in rule of law training courses in the Czech Republic Sentence: Seven years in prison, barred from teaching, and a travel ban
  12. Homa Hoodfar
    Homa Hoodfar Date of Arrest: June 6, 2016 (Khordad 17, 1395) Date of Release: October 2016 (Mehr 1395) Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: – Sentence: –
  13. Xiyue Wang

Xiyue Wang

    Date of Arrest: Summer 2016 (1395)
    Date of Release: November 2019 (Aban 1398)
    Citizenship: Chinese – American
    Charges: Espionage
    Sentence: 10 years in prison / Exchanged with an Iranian-American prisoner in the US.
  1. (First Name Unknown) Tavakoli Date of Arrest: – Date of Release: – Citizenship: Dual nationality but details unknown Charges: Espionage Sentence: 8 years and 6 months in prison
  2. Hassan Rostamgari Majd*

assan Rostamgari Majd

    Date of Arrest: October 27, 2014 (Aban 5, 1393)
    Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Urmia Prison
    Citizenship: Turkish
    Charges: First case: Actions against national security through collaboration with opposition groups / Second case: Insulting religious sanctities and propaganda against the regime / Third case: Rioting in prison and fighting with officers / Fourth case: Escape during prison leave from his 2010 conviction
    Sentence: First case: 15 years in prison and revocation of Iranian citizenship / Second case: 2 years in prison / Third case: 1 year in prison / Fourth case: 4 months in prison
  1. Reza (Robin) Shahini
    Shahini Date of Arrest: July 15, 2016 (Tir 25, 1395) Date of Release: March 2017 (Farvardin 1396) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: “Collaboration with Voice of America as part of the hostile US government and participation in related programs, propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran, and in favor of opposition groups and organizations, membership in opposition groups including monarchists, inciting and provoking people to disrupt national security, and insulting Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei Sentence: 18 years in prison, with only the “most severe punishment” of 9 years enforceable under Article 134 / Released on bail of 200 million tomans
  2. Nahid Taghavi*
    Nahid Taghavi Date of Arrest: October 16, 2020 (Mehr 25, 1399) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Evin Prison Citizenship: Iranian – German Charges: Participation in managing an illegal group and propaganda against the regime Sentence: 10 years and 8 months in prison
  3. Benjamin Brière
    Benjamin Brière Date of Arrest: June 2020 (Khordad 1399) Date of Release: May 2023 (Ordibehesht 1402) Citizenship: French Charges: Propaganda against the regime and espionage Sentence: 8 years and 8 months in prison / Released through “engagement between Iran and France.”
  4. Jamshid Sharmahd*
    Jamshid Sharmahd Date of Arrest: August 2020 (Mordad 1399) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in an undisclosed location Citizenship: Iranian – German Charges: Corruption on earth through leadership of an opposition group, planning and leading the bombing of the Hosseiniyeh in Shiraz Sentence: Death penalty confirmed by the Supreme Court
  5. Kameel Ahmadi
    Kameel Ahmadi Date of Arrest: August 11, 2019 (Mordad 20, 1398) Date of Release: November 18, 2019 (Aban 27, 1398) Citizenship: Iranian – British Charges: “Illegally acquiring property through collaboration and implementing projects for overthrowing institutions.” Sentence: 9 years in prison and a fine of 600,000 euros
  6. Emad Shargi
    Emad Shargi Date of Arrest: Autumn 2020 (1399) Date of Release: September 2023 (Shahrivar 1402) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Espionage and gathering military information Sentence: 10 years in prison / Released in a prisoner exchange between Iran and the US.
  7. Bahareh Amid (Emad Shargi’s wife)
    Bahareh Amid Date of Arrest: March 2018 (Farvardin 1397) Date of Release: The same year (probably short-term) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: – Sentence: –
  8. Fariba Adelkhah
    Fariba Adelkhah Date of Arrest: June 6, 2019 (Khordad 17, 1398) Date of Release: March 12, 2023 (Esfand 22, 1401) Citizenship: Iranian – French Charges: Propaganda against the regime and assembly and collusion against national security Sentence: 6 years in prison / Released under a general amnesty directive from Evin Prison
  9. Siamak Namazi
    Siamak Namazi Date of Arrest: October 2015 (Mehr 1394) Date of Release: September 2023 (Shahrivar 1402) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Collaboration with the hostile US government Sentence: 10 years in prison / Released in a prisoner exchange between Iran and the US.
  10. Baquer Namazi
    Baquer Namazi Date of Arrest: February 2016 (Esfand 1394) Date of Release: Early 2019 (1398) due to medical treatment Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Collaboration with the hostile US government Sentence: 10 years in prison
  11. Maymand Hosseini-Chavoushi
    Chavoushi Date of Arrest: November 2018 (Aban 1397) Date of Release: Early February 2019 (Bahman 1397) Citizenship: Iranian – Australian Charges: Collaboration with foreign governments and assembly and collusion against national security through research on population control Sentence: 5 years
  12. Ahmadreza Djalali*
    Ahmadreza Djalali Date of Arrest: May 2016 (Ordibehesht 1395) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Evin Prison Citizenship: Iranian – Swedish Charges: Espionage Sentence: Death penalty confirmed by the Supreme Court
  13. Nizar Zakka
    Nizar Zakka Date of Arrest: 2015 (1394) Date of Release: June 11, 2019 (Khordad 21, 1398) Citizenship: Lebanese – American Charges: Espionage and collaboration with a hostile government Sentence: 10 years in prison and a fine of $4.2 million
  14. Anousheh Ashouri
    Anousheh Ashouri Date of Arrest: 2017 (1396) Date of Release: March 16, 2022 (Esfand 25, 1400) Citizenship: Iranian – British Charges: Espionage for Israel and illegal acquisition of funds Sentence: 12 years in prison and a fine of €33,000
  15. Hamid Ghassemi-Shall
    Ghassemi-Shall Date of Arrest: 2008 (1387) Date of Release: October 2013 (Mehr 1392) Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: Initially espionage, later revised to assembly and collusion against national security Sentence: Initially sentenced to death, later reduced to 5 years in prison
  16. Roya Saberi Nejad-Nobakht
    Roya Saberi Nejad-Nobakht Date of Arrest: September 28, 2013 (Mehr 6, 1392) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Iranian – British Charges: Insulting religious sanctities and insulting the heads of the three branches of government Sentence: 4 years in prison
  17. Kylie Moore-Gilbert
    Kylie Moore-Gilbert Date of Arrest: Autumn 2018 (1397) Date of Release: November 25, 2020 (Azar 5, 1399) Citizenship: Australian Charges: Endangering Iran’s national security Sentence: 10 years in prison
  18. Masoud Karami Date of Arrest: February 14, 2012 (Bahman 25, 1390) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Iranian – Norwegian Charges: – Sentence: –
  19. Abbas Edalat
    Abbas Edalat Date of Arrest: April 14, 2018 (Farvardin 26, 1397) Date of Release: January 2019 (Dey 1397) Citizenship: Iranian – British Charges: – Sentence: –
  20. Morad Tahbaz
    Morad Tahbaz Date of Arrest: January 24, 2018 (Bahman 4, 1396) Date of Release: September 2023 (Shahrivar 1402) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Espionage Sentence: 10 years in prison / Released in a prisoner exchange between Iran and the US.
  21. Kavous Seyed-Emami
    Kavous Seyed-Emami Date of Arrest: February 2018 (Bahman 1396) Date of Release: Died in prison Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: Espionage Sentence: –
  22. Abdolrasoul Dorri Esfahani
    Abdolrasoul Dorri Esfahani Date of Arrest: August 2016 (Mordad 1395) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: Espionage – collaboration with British intelligence service Sentence: 5 years in prison
  23. Haleh Esfandiari
    Haleh Esfandiari Date of Arrest: May 8, 2007 (Ordibehesht 18, 1386) Date of Release: August 21, 2007 (Mordad 30, 1386) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Actions against national security and soft overthrow Sentence: Released on bail
  24. Akbar Lakestani
    Lakestani Date of Arrest: September 28, 2019 (Mehr 6, 1398) Date of Release: November 13, 2019 (Aban 22, 1398) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: Propaganda against the regime Sentence: Released on bail and left the country
  25. Sarah Shourd
    Sarah Shourd Date of Arrest: July 30, 2009 (Mordad 8, 1388) Date of Release: September 14, 2010 (Shahrivar 23, 1389) Citizenship: American Charges: Illegal entry into Iran and espionage Sentence: Released on bail and left the country
  26. Josh Fattal
    Josh Fattal Date of Arrest: September 14, 2010 (Shahrivar 23, 1389) Date of Release: December 27, 2011 (Dey 6, 1390) Citizenship: American Charges: Illegal entry into Iran and espionage Sentence: 8 years in prison
  27. Shane Bauer
    Shane Bauer Date of Arrest: September 14, 2010 (Shahrivar 23, 1389) Date of Release: December 27, 2011 (Dey 6, 1390) Citizenship: American Charges: Illegal entry into Iran and espionage Sentence: 8 years in prison
  28. Michael White
    Michael White Date of Arrest: July 1, 2018 (Tir 10, 1397) Date of Release: June 4, 2020 (Khordad 15, 1399) Citizenship: American Charges: Insulting the Supreme Leader and publishing a private photo Sentence: 10 years in prison
  29. Maziar Bahari
    Maziar Bahari Date of Arrest: June 1, 2009 (Khordad 11, 1388) Date of Release: October 13, 2009 (Mehr 21, 1388) Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: Assembly and collusion with the intent to commit crimes against national security, collecting and keeping confidential and classified documents, propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran, insulting the Supreme Leader, insulting the President, and disrupting public order Sentence: 13 years and 6 months in prison and 74 lashes
  30. Roxana Saberi
    Roxana Saberi Date of Arrest: February 1, 2009 (Bahman 12, 1387) Date of Release: May 11, 2009 (Ordibehesht 21, 1388) Citizenship: American Charges: Espionage and collecting documents against the Islamic Republic Sentence: 2 years suspended prison sentence
  31. Zahra Kazemi
    Zahra Kazemi Date of Arrest: June 24, 2003 (Tir 3, 1382) Date of Release: Died during detention Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: Photographing prohibited areas Sentence: –
  32. Matthew Trevithick
    Matthew Trevithick Date of Arrest: December 8, 2015 (Azar 17, 1394) Date of Release: January 2016 (Dey 1394) Citizenship: American Charges: Espionage Sentence: –
  33. Robert Levinson
    Robert Levinson Date of Arrest: February 2007 (Esfand 1385) Date of Release: Disappeared Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: – Sentence: –
  34. Hossein Derakhshan
    Hossein Derakhshan Date of Arrest: November 1, 2008 (Aban 11, 1387) Date of Release: November 19, 2013 (Aban 28, 1392) Citizenship: Iranian – Canadian Charges: Collaboration with hostile governments, propaganda against the Islamic regime, propaganda in favor of anti-regime groups, insulting religious sanctities, running and managing immoral and obscene websites Sentence: 19 years and 6 months in prison and 5 years barred from membership in parties and media activities
  35. Aras Amiri
    Aras Amiri Date of Arrest: March 2018 (Esfand 1396) Date of Release: July 2021 (Tir 1400) Citizenship: Iranian – British Charges: Espionage Sentence: 10 years in prison

51-58. Seven Slovakian Citizens (Identities Unknown) – Date of Arrest: July 2013 (Tir 1392) – Date of Release: September 2013 (Shahrivar 1392) – Citizenship: Slovakian – Charges: Espionage – Sentence: –

  1. Clotilde Reiss
    Clotilde Reiss Date of Arrest: 2009 (1388) Date of Release: August 2009 (Mordad 1388) on bail Citizenship: French Charges: Espionage Sentence: 5 years in prison, reduced to a fine upon her departure from Iran on May 16, 2016 (Ordibehesht 27, 1395)
  2. Stéphanie Larbieux
    Stéphanie Larbieux Date of Arrest: November 6, 2005 (Aban 15, 1384) Date of Release: January 2007 (Dey 1385) Citizenship: French Charges: – Sentence: –
  3. Donald Klein
    Donald Klein Date of Arrest: November 6, 2005 (Aban 15, 1384) Date of Release: January 2007 (Dey 1385) Citizenship: German Charges: – Sentence: –
  4. Nelly Erin-Cambron
    Nelly Erin-Cambron Date of Arrest: October 21, 2018 (Mehr 29, 1397) Date of Release: February 24, 2019 (Esfand 5, 1397) Citizenship: French Charges: Signing an illegal mining contract Sentence: –
  5. Kian Tajbakhsh
    Kian Tajbakhsh Date of Arrest: July 2009 (Tir 1388) Date of Release: March 12, 2010 (Esfand 22, 1388) Citizenship: Iranian – American Charges: – Sentence: 5 years in prison
  6. Habib Chaab (Habib Asyoud)
    Habib Chaab Date of Arrest: November 2021 (Aban 1400) Date of Release: Executed Citizenship: Iranian – Swedish Charges: Corruption on earth through leading a group named Harakat al-Nidal
  7. Rouhollah Zam
    Rouhollah Zam Date of Arrest: October 2019 (Mehr 1398) Date of Release: Executed Citizenship: Iranian – French Charges: “Corruption on earth, forming and managing ‘Amadnews’ and ‘Voice of the People’ channels to disrupt national security, espionage for the Israeli intelligence service through the intelligence service of a regional country, espionage for the French intelligence service, collaboration with the hostile US government against the Islamic Republic of Iran, assembly and collusion to commit crimes against internal and external national security, engaging in propaganda activities against the regime, membership and management of the ‘Saham News’ website to disrupt national security, inciting and provoking people to war and killing to disrupt national security, collecting classified information with the intent to provide it to others to disrupt national security, spreading falsehoods, inciting military personnel and individuals serving in the armed forces to rebellion, escape, surrender or failing to carry out their military duties, insulting religious sanctities, insulting the founder of the Islamic Republic and the leadership, insulting officials and agents, illicitly obtaining property, and complaints from some legal and natural persons.” Sentence: Death
  8. Mostafa Azizi
    Mostafa Azizi Date of Arrest: February 1, 2015 (Bahman 12, 1393) Date of Release: Late April 2016 (Farvardin 1395) Citizenship: Iranian-Canadian Charges: “Assembly and collusion against national security,” “propaganda against the regime,” and “insulting the leadership” Sentence: 3 years in prison and a fine
  9. Saeed Malekpour
    Saeed Malekpour Date of Arrest: October 2008 (Mehr 1387) Date of Release: Released before completing his sentence by leaving on bail Citizenship: Iranian-Canadian Charges: Cybercrimes (pornography) Sentence: Life imprisonment
  10. Kamran Ghaderi
    Kamran Ghaderi Date of Arrest: January 2016 (Dey 1394) Date of Release: June 2023 (Khordad 1402) / Released during a prisoner exchange with Assadollah Assadi Citizenship: Iranian-Austrian Charges: Espionage Sentence: 10 years in prison
  11. Yulia Yuzik
    Yulia Yuzik Date of Arrest: October 3, 2019 (Mehr 11, 1398) Date of Release: October 10, 2019 (Mehr 18, 1398) Citizenship: Russian Charges: Espionage for Israel Sentence: Released after one week and left Iran
  12. Mehran Raoof*
    Mehran Raoof Date of Arrest: October 2020 (Mehr 1399) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Evin Prison Citizenship: Iranian-British Charges: Participation in managing an illegal group and propaganda against the regime Sentence: 10 years and 8 months in prison
  13. Saeed Azizi*
    Saeed Azizi Date of Arrest: November 12, 2023 (Aban 21, 1402) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Iranian-Swedish Charges: Assembly and collusion to commit a crime Sentence: 5 years in prison
  14. Shahram Namavar* Date of Arrest: August 2023 (Mordad 1402) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Evin Prison Citizenship: Iranian-British Charges: – Sentence: –
  15. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: September 16, 2023 (Shahrivar 25, 1402) Date of Release: – Citizenship: – Charges: Attempting to organize riots and sabotage Sentence: –
  16. Monireh Terez Basir
    Monireh Terez Basir Date of Arrest: November 2022 (Aban 1401) Date of Release: September 18, 2023 (Shahrivar 27, 1402) / Left Iran during a prisoner exchange Citizenship: Iranian-American Charges: Close cooperation with a European intelligence service Sentence: –
  17. Bernard Phelan
    Bernard Phelan Date of Arrest: October 3, 2023 (Mehr 11, 1402) Date of Release: May 2021 (Ordibehesht 1401) Citizenship: French-Irish Charges: Providing information to another country Sentence: 6 years and 6 months in prison
  18. Massoud Mosahib
    Massoud Mosahib Date of Arrest: January 2019 (Dey 1397) Date of Release: June 2023 (Khordad 1402) Citizenship: Iranian-Austrian Charges: Collaboration with Israel and the German intelligence service Sentence: 10 years in prison / Released during a prisoner exchange with Assadollah Assadi
  19. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: Late May 2024 (Ordibehesht 1403) Date of Release: – Citizenship: European Charges: Organizing Satanic rituals, drinking alcohol, wearing specific Satanic symbols on clothing, head, face, and hair Sentence: –
  20. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: Late May 2024 (Ordibehesht 1403) Date of Release: – Citizenship: European Charges: Organizing Satanic rituals, drinking alcohol, wearing specific Satanic symbols on clothing, head, face, and hair Sentence: –
  21. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: Late May 2024 (Ordibehesht 1403) Date of Release: – Citizenship: European Charges: Organizing Satanic rituals, drinking alcohol, wearing specific Satanic symbols on clothing, head, face, and hair Sentence: –
  22. Farhad Mohammad Shamami* Date of Arrest: October 2022 (Mehr 1401) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Urmia Prison Citizenship: Iraqi Charges: Membership in one of the opposition parties Sentence: 7 years in prison
  23. Johan Flodorus*
    Johan Flodorus Date of Arrest: May 6, 2022 (Ordibehesht 16, 1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Swedish Charges: Corruption on earth through actions against national security and territorial integrity of the Islamic Republic, collaborating with the Israeli occupying regime, assembly and collusion to commit a crime against national security Sentence: –
  24. Santiago Sanchez
    Santiago Sanchez Date of Arrest: October 2023 (Mehr 1402) Date of Release: December 30, 2023 (Dey 10, 1402) Citizenship: Spanish Charges: Arrested during nationwide protests in 2021 Sentence: –
  25. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: December 2023 (Azar 1402) Date of Release: – Citizenship: – Charges: Espionage Sentence: –
  26. Hatem Ozdemir*
    Hatem Ozdemir Date of Arrest: June 2019 (Khordad 1398) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Urmia Prison Citizenship: Turkish Charges: Moharebeh (waging war against God) Sentence: Death
  27. Farid Safari*
    Farid Safari Date of Arrest: April 2023 (Farvardin 1402) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Azerbaijani Charges: Espionage Sentence: 2 years in prison
  28. Valida Yusifova
    Valida Yusifova Date of Arrest: December 2021 (Dey 1400) Date of Release: August 2023 (Mordad 1402) Citizenship: Azerbaijani Charges: Espionage Sentence: –
  29. Olivier Vandecasteele*
    Olivier Vandecasteele Date of Arrest: July 2022 (Tir 1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Belgian Charges: Espionage against the Islamic Republic of Iran for a foreign intelligence service, collaboration with the hostile US government, money laundering of $500,000, professional currency smuggling of $500,000, and 74 lashes Sentence: 40 years in prison and 74 lashes
  30. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: March 2023 (Esfand 1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Afghan Charges: Espionage Sentence: –
  31. Ana Baneer
    Ana Baneer Date of Arrest: November 2022 (Aban 1401) Date of Release: February 25, 2023 (Esfand 6, 1401) Citizenship: Spanish Charges: – Sentence: –
  32. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: October 2022 (Mehr 1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Austrian Charges: Espionage Sentence: 7 years and 6 months in prison
  33. Louis Arno*
    Louis Arno Date of Arrest: September 28, 2022 (Mehr 6, 1401) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Evin Prison Citizenship: French Charges: – Sentence: 5 years in prison
  34. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: December 2022 (Dey 1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: German Charges: Photographing the Omidieh oil facilities Sentence: –
  35. Alicia Piperno
    Alicia Piperno Date of Arrest: Early October 2022 (Mehr 1401) Date of Release: November 2022 (Aban 1401) Citizenship: German Charges: – Sentence: –
  36. Shaker Baghi*
    Shaker Baghi Date of Arrest: February 2008 (Esfand 1386) Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Kashmar Prison Citizenship: Turkish Charges: Membership in one of the opposition parties Sentence: 30 years in prison and exile to Kashmar Prison
  37. Identity Unknown Date of Arrest: – Date of Release: June 2023 (Khordad 1402) Citizenship: Danish Charges: – Sentence: –
  38. Identity Unknown* Date of Arrest: Early August 2022 (Mordad 1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: Swedish Charges: Espionage Sentence: –
  39. Senor Tamara* Date of Arrest: Autumn 2020 (1399) Date of Release: July 21, 2022 (Tir 30, 1401), released under a general amnesty directive Citizenship: Turkish Charges: Membership in one of the opposition parties Sentence: 10 years and 1 day in prison
  40. Cécile Kohler*
    Cécile Kohler Date of Arrest: Spring 2022 (1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: French Charges: Organizing “riots and disorder” related to teachers’ union gatherings Sentence: –
  41. Jacques Paris*
    Jacques Paris Date of Arrest: Spring 2022 (1401) Date of Release: – Citizenship: French Charges: Organizing “riots and disorder” related to teachers’ union gatherings Sentence: –
  42. Mohammad Birdal* Date of Arrest: August 21, 2021 (Mordad 30, 1400)
    Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Urmia Prison
    Citizenship: Turkish
    Charges: Membership in one of the opposition groups
    Sentence: –
  43. Shahab Dalili*
    Shahab Dalili Date of Arrest: 2016 (1395)
    Date of Release: Still imprisoned in Urmia Prison
    Citizenship: Iranian-American
    Charges: Collaboration with a hostile government
    Sentence: 10 years in prison
  44. Sereen Curtis (Badiei)*
    Sereen Curtis Date of Arrest: March 26, 2023
    Date of Release: –
    Citizenship: Iranian-New Zealand with U.S. residency
    Charges: Blasphemy
    Sentence: –
  45. Nasrin Roshan*
    Nasrin Roshan Date of Arrest: November 16, 2023
    Date of Release: Incarcerated in Evin Prison
    Citizenship: Iranian-British
    Charges: Assembly and collusion against national security, propaganda against the regime
    Sentence: Three years in prison
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